Tanzih dan Tashbih Kalam Perspektif Al-Razi dan Ibn Taimiyah: Mengurai dan Mengetengahkan Polemik Metafisika Ketuhanan
Keywords:
tanzih, tashbih, Al-razi, Ibn Taimiyah, mutashâbihat, mujassimahSynopsis
Buku ini menganalisis polemik teologis tentang istilah tanzîh dan tashbîh antara Fakhr al-Dîn al-Râzî dan Ibn Taimiyah. Persoalannya adalah tendensitas pada klaim kebenaran tanzîh dan tashbîh dari pola dan paradigma teologis yang berbeda. Konsekuensi polemik ini terus berlanjut pada tingkat yang lebih serius, karena belum ada penyelesaian yang mendalam pada tatanan epistemologisnya. Kelompok yang berpegang pada makna teks dengan segala perangkatnya, cenderung memiliki pemahaman tanzîh dan tashbîh tekstual yang berbasis pada pemaknaan literal (tafsîr). Bagi kelompok yang mengkombinasikan antara makna teks dan rasional, memilki pemahaman semi rasionalis yang berbasis pada pemaknaan metaforis ayat (takwil). Al-Râzî sebagai tokoh besar Ashâ’irah, mendasari teori tanzîh dan tashbîh-nya dengan metode silogisme-deduktif (qiyâs manṭiq/shumûlî), sedangkan Ibn Taimiyah berdasarkan metode mayoritas fuqahâ, yaitu silogisme-analogis (qiyâs fiqih/tamthîlî). Proposisi dasar Al-Râzî dibangun atas konstruksi dari teks ayat bersifat universal-rasional, dan Ibn Taimiyah memperolehnya dari proposisi langsung dalam al-Qur’an dan Sunnah. Polemik ini berimplikasi pada klaim kebenaran teologis yang tendensius ke arah pemutlakan, sehingga melahirkan sikap eksklusif, dan ortodoksi beragama, serta berimplikasi pada perdebatan kontemporer dalam bentuk pengulangan yang lebih konservatif. Hal ini terbukti dari polemik teologis yang terus berlanjut antara Sunnî (Ashâ’irah-Mâturîdîyah) dengan Salafi-Wahabi di Indonesia. Realitas ini belum menunjukkan kemajuan yang berarti dalam diskursus kalam ke arah tatanan faktual, sehingga kalam klasik harus bisa keluar menuju tatanan sosial dan menyentuh sikap keberagaman yang luhur dan aktual. Karena inti dari pemahaman ketuhanan adalah internalisasi dan aktualisasi sifat-sifat Tuhan yang luhur di muka bumi, sehingga manusia dapat memahami dan memenuhi tugasnya sebagai khalifah Tuhan, dan inilah semangat kalam kontemporer.
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Ahmad, M. Kursani, “Pemikiran Kalam dalam Konteks Kekinian”, dalam Ilmu Ushuluddin, Vol. 2, No. 1, Januari 2012.
Ali, Fachry, “Bais Struktur Sosial Pemikiran Islam Awal, Pengaruh Agama dan Renungan Dewasa ini”, dalam Dialog, Vol. 37. No. 1, Juni, 2014.
Abdullah, M. Amin, Kontribusi Ilmu Kalam/Filsafat Islam Dalam Pembangunan Karakter Bangsa”, dalam Ilmu Ushuluddin, Vol. 13, No, 02, Juli, 2014.
Amîn, Muḥamad Rifâ’î Muḥamad, “‘Alâqat Al-Dhât bi Al-Ṣifât Al-Ilâhîyah fî Fikr Muḥyî Al-Dîn bin ‘Arabî”, dalam Al-Aqbari Journal, Vol. 05, 2015.
Al-Zabîdî, Faraj Ḥamad Sâlim, “Al-Rakâ’iz Al-Ḍâminah Li Ḥurriyat Al-Fikr wa Al-Mu’taqad fî Al-Qur’ân al-Karîm”, dalam al-Majallat al-Ardanîyah fî Dirâsat al-Islâmîyah, Vol. 4, No. 12, min Yanâyir, 2016.
Atabik, Ahmad, “Corak Tafsir Aqidah (Kajian Komparatif Penafsiran Ayat-ayat Aqidah)”, dalam Esensia, Vol. 17, No. 2, Oktober 2016.
Al-Ḥillî, Sana’a Ḥasan Abd al-Karem, “Riwâyat Tanzîh Allâh ‘An Sifât Al-Naqs fî ‘Uyûn Akhbâr Al-Ridâ”, dalam Majallat Kulliyat al-Imâm al-Kâzim, vol. 3, no. 2, September, 2019.
‘Azrân, ‘Abd al-Azîz, “Juhûd Al-Imâm Fakh Al-Dîn Al-Râzî fî Islâmiyat Al-Ma’rifah min Khilâl Al-Qur’ân Al-Karîm”, dalam Al Hikmah International Journal of Islamic Studies and Human Sciences, vol. 1, October, 2018.
Awad, Najib George Awad, “Theodore Abû Qurrah’s Trinitarian Theology or Orthodoxy in Dialogue With Monotheism”, dalam Journal Universitat Osnabruk, vol. 2, February, 2016.
Adiwilaga, Rendy, “Puritanisme dan Fundamentalisme Dalam Islam Tradisional Serta Implikasinya Terhadap Pancasila Sebagai Ideologi Negara”, dalam Journal of Governance, vol. 2. No. 1, Juni, 2017.
Akbar, Ali, “Toward a Humanistic Approach to The Qur’an : Nes Direction in Contemporary Islamic Thought”, dalam Cultur and Religion, 11 Desember 2018.
‘Aifân, ‘Adil Syâfi, “Al-Tafwîd wa Al-Ta’wîl ‘Inda Al-Salaf”. Dalam Majallat Jâmi’ah Al-Anbâr Li Al-‘Ulûm Al-Islâmiyah, Iraq, vol. 5, No. 8, Tasyrîn Al-Tsânî (November), 2013.
Aulia, Rohmatul Maulidiana, “Pemahaman Prinsip Gerakan Muslim Modern Al-Rujû’ Ilâ Al-Qur’ân wa Al-Sunnah”, dalam Ushuluna, Vol. 05, No. 01, Juni, 2019.
‘Âshûr, Sa’ad ‘Abd Allâh, “Manhaj Al-Salaf fî Ithbât Al-Ṣifât Al-Ilâhîyah”, dalam Majallat al-Jâmi’ah al-Islâmîyah li Dirâsat al-Islâmîyah, No. 01, 2016.
Abidin, Azmil Azinal, “Dimension of Peripatetic Divine Philosophy : A Conceptual Observation”, dalam Afkâr, V, no. 21 Issue 1, 2019.
Aziz, Muhammad, “Tuhan dan Manusia Dalam Perspektif Pemikiran Abu Nasr Al-Farabi”, dalam Jurnal Studi Islam, V, 10 no. 2 Desember 2015.
Ajmi, Abdullah Awad Al-, “Hermeneutics of Creed’s Issues In The Modern Arab Thought : An Analytical Study”, dalam Afkâr Department of Creed & Daawa. Faculty of Sharia & Islamic Studies. P.O. Box 5969, Safat – 13060. Kuwait University. Kuwait. V, no. 19, 2017.
Ahmad, Hishomudin, et.al., “Fakh Al-Din Al-Razi : A Systematic Review on Literature Found in Indonesia”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), V, no. 9, Issue 5, 2018.
Atmaja, Lukman, dkk, “Metaphysics in The Epistemology: A Critical Analysis of The Islamic and Western Philosophical Tradition”, dalam Afkaruna, Vol. 16, No. 1, Juni 2020.
Al-Attas, Abdurrahman Zain Ahmed Al-Attas, dkk, “Athar Al-Khilaf Al-Mu’tabar wa Al-Khilâf Ghair Al-Mu’tabar fî Al-Fiqh A-Islâmî”, dalam Jurisprudensi: Journal of Sharia, Legal, and Islamic Economics, Vol. 12, No. 02, 2020.
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Bahri, Samsul, “Bayani, Burhani, dan Irfani : Trilogi Epistemologi, Kegelisahan Seorang Muhammad Abid Al-Jabiri”, dalam Cakrawala Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2015.
Bashori, Akmal, “Dekonstruksi Ijtihad: Revitalisasi Kebekuan Nalar Melampaui Dogmatisme”, dalam Syariati, Vol. 11, No. 02, November 2016.
Basyit, Abdul, “Pengaruh Pemikiran Ibn TaimIyah di Dunia Islam”, dalam Rausyan Fikr, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2019.
Campanini, Massimo, “The Mu’tazila in Islamic History and Thought”, dalam Religion Compass, Vol. 06, No. 01, Januari 2012.
Creasy, Kaitlyn, “On The Problem of Affective Nihilism”, in The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2018.
Djafry, Muhammad Taufan, “Metode Ijtihad Imâm Al-Shâfi’î dalam Kitab Al-Risâlah”, dalam Nukhbatul Ulmum: Jurnal Bidang Kajian Keislaman, No. 1, 23 Desember 2016.
Darlis, “Potret Perbedaan Dalam Tradisi Nabi dan Sahabat”, dalam Pusaka, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016.
Ehsani, Keyvan, dkk, “A Study and Critique of Ibn Taimiyya Theological Principles on The Question of The Visibility of God”, dalam IJMMU (International Journal of Multiculturan and Multireligious Understanding), Vol. 06, No. 06, Desember, 2019.
El-Tabguni, Carl Sharf, “Ibn Taimiyya on Reason and Revelation: A Study of Dâr Ta’âruḍ Al-‘Aql wa Al-Naql”, dalam Isamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science, Vol. 03, 2020.
Fios, Frederikus, “Critics To Metaphysics By Modern Philosophers: A Discourse On Human Being in Reality”, dalam Humaniora, Vol. 07, No. 01, January 2016.
Fata, Washil, Washil dan Ahmad Khoirul, “Pemikiran Ibn Taimiyah Tentang Sharî’ah Sebagai Tujuan Tasawuf”, dalam Teosofi : Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam, V 7, no. 2, Desember 2017.
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